Effect of mindfullness technique Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Effect of mindfullness technique - Dissertation Example The objectives of this study include identification of the significance and drawbacks of the mindfulness technique. Also, it will examine the degree to which mindfulness is used and compare stress and fatigue management progress with and without it. The research method uses both qualitative and quantitative analysis, specifically narrative and thematic based upon secondary research sources. The results will provide greater insight of the mindfulness technique, including its effectiveness and range of use. After an interpretation of the research results, a conclusion based upon the objectives is provided. Table of Contents PAGE ABSTRACT 1 LIST OF TABLES 3 LIST OF FIGURES 4 CHAPTERS CHAPTER 1 – Introduction 5 1.2 Background/Justification of the Study 1.2.1 Cancer Symptoms 1.2.2 Need to Reduce Stress and Fatigue in Cancer Patients 1.2.3 Mindfulness of Cancer 1.2.4 Mindfulness Background and Justification of the Study 1.3 Aim of the Study 1.4 Formulation of the Question CHAPTER 2 – Research Methodology 16 2.1 Research Protocol 2.2 Eligibility Criteria 2.3 Search 2.4 Study Selection 2.5 Information Sources, Data Collection, and Data Items 2.6 Risk of Bias 2.7 Summary of Measures and Synthesis Results CHAPTER 3 – Findings and Results 26 3.1 Study Selection (Flow Diagram) CHAPTER 4 – Discussion 39 4.1 Limitation 4.2 Conclusion 4.3 Recommendation Bibliography 46 List of Tables Table x-1 Results and Synthesis Table x-2 Theme Results List of Figures Figure x-1 Forest Plot, RCTs Figure x-2 Presentation of Study Numbers Effect of Mindfulness Technique on Stress and Fatigue Reduction in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 1. INTRODUCTION While considering the study on the effect of mindfulness techniques on stress and fatigue reduction in cancer patients, it is necessary to have a brief overview on the use of mindfulness techniques in cancer patients. Mindfulness-based stress reduction is a process that involves techniques of m editation (Folkman, 2010). Medical uses of the technique date back to 1979 with the ‘integration of Buddhist mindfulness meditation with contemporary clinical and psychological practice’ (Chiesa and Serretti, 2009). The technique primarily involves a specific form of awareness being developed (Strosahl, 2011), illustrated by accommodating responsiveness, frankness, inquisitiveness, and recognition of internal and external experiences of the present times that permits â€Å"practitioners to act more reflectively rather than impulsively† (Chiesa and Serretti, 2009). Extensive research has been conducted in order to study the effects of mindfulness on stress reduction. The process is a combination of meditation and yoga (Bose, 2011). When mindfulness meditation is concerned, it involves providing close consideration to experiences of the mind and body (Lambert, 2013). Studies have found several benefits of the technique that includes reduction in disturbances of the mood of an individual, stress reduction, improvement in quality of sleep, fatigue reduction, as well as controlled blood pressure (Lyman, 2009). Thus the use of this technique for stress and fatigue reduction in cancer patients have also become highly popular and considered as a common practice among other treatments and practices. Mindfulness allows individuals to experience things just as they are (Brantley, 2007). It allows the individuals,

Gender Inequality Essay Example for Free

Gender Inequality Essay Femininity and masculinity are socially constructed practices that reinforce gender inequality. Among the most popular variations of the social constructionist theories is the gender role theory as an early form of social constructionism (Gergen, 1985). The focus on power and hierarchy reveals inspiration stemming from a Marxist framework, utilized for instance by materialist feminism, and Foucault’s writings on discourse. Sex is the biological differences between male and female contradicting with gender which is the culturally and socially constructed differences between female and males based on meanings, beliefs and practices that a group associates with feminity or masculinity. Emerging from the criticism of Objectivity, Social Constructionism challenges concepts of knowledge put forward by Positivism, which states that the reality and empirically-proved truths are independent of the mind. For example, Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker writes that some categories really are social constructions: they exist only because people tacitly agree to act as if they exist. † In fact, there are few scientific studies that currently support a biological basis for substantial differences between the way women and men think. Rather, research indicates there is more variation among women or men on cognitive, emotional and psychological variables than between the two groups (Fausto-Sterling, 1992). Despite this however, the idea persists that women and men are vastly different in their thinking. Hegemonic femininity, also referred to as â€Å"emphasized femininity† by some theorists, is a concept that was developed in tandem with hegemonic masculinity â€Å"to acknowledge the asymmetrical position of masculinities and femininities in a patriarchal gender order† (Connell Messerschmidt, 2005). This theory purports that males possess physical strength, the ability to use interpersonal violence in the face of conflict, and authority while females are physically vulnerable, unable to use violence effectively, and compliant (Schippers, 2007). In order for men to maintain superiority and social dominance over women, the constructs of masculinity then must remain unavailable to women. To achieve this, any feminine characteristic that does not fall in line with hegemonic femininity then must be defined as â€Å"deviant and stigmatized† (Schippers, 200). Women themselves have been made to submit to this stereotype hence leaving men to make decisions for them. Sociologists have criticized this as a misconception of meaning of gender to imply sex. Gender s not a personal trait; it is â€Å"an emergent feature of social situations: both as an outcome of and a rationale for various social arrangements, and as a means of legitimating one of the most fundamental divisions of society. † (West Zimmerman, 1977). The notion of womanhood or femininity is accomplished through an active process of creating gender through interacting with others in a particular social context. The perception of sexuality by others is an exte nsion of others’ perceptions of one’s gender. Gender is never fully acquired – it has to be constantly performed and reenacted in social interactions hence gender is an accomplishment, (Alsop, Fitzsimmons Lennon, 2002). It is frequently difficult to sort out how much of a measured difference between the sexes can be attributed to one’s biological composition and how much of the difference may be attributed to learned behavior. How do we know if the behavior is truly sex-based? In other words, is there something on the X or Y chromosome that predisposes men and women to be better in doing certain activities ? Or, could it be that people tend to be better at things they have practiced more and for which they’ve received positive reinforcement over the years? If there are no proves of chromosomal relationships or any biological connections between feminity or masculinity and activities performed. Fathers of evolution studies like Charles Dawin proved that the act of being able to perform certain activities is based on learned practice and not man or woman distinction. This stereotype has greatly led to gender disparity and the world is trying to fight the monster created by our fore fathers misconceptions. National news accounts of hazing and important evidence point toward gender differences in hazing activities. In general, a common conclusion drawn is that hazing among men is more likely to be violent in nature and hazing among women is more likely to be psychological in nature. For example, The Courier-Journal of Louisville, Kentucky (Woolhouse, 2000) quoted Gary Powell, a Maryland attorney who has represented fraternities and sororities charged with hazing as saying â€Å"females tend to be less physically violent than those involving males. Such perspectives align with and also reinforce predominant understandings of differences between women and men. Analyzing the phenomenon of hazing through the lens of gender theory provides some helpful insights on both similarities and differences in hazing behaviors between female and male groups. Gender theory contends that versions of masculinity and femininity are largely learned through a process of socialization rather than essential to one’s biological sex, (Jennifer Coates, 1996). Nevertheless, particular versions of femininity and masculinity rise to ascendancy during particular social periods. Bem (1993) points out that even while the predominant versions of masculinity and femininity may shift periodically, they generally operate as two poles of a gender binary where the masculine is positioned as active and the feminine as passive. In other words, that which is culturally defined as masculine oppositionally defines feminine. Active/passive, strong/fragile, aggressive/submissive, independent/dependent, and invincible/vulnerable are further examples of gender binaries that depict masculinity and femininity as polar opposites of a vast gender divide. While this particular construction is rooted in perceptions of ideal womanhood for white women specifically, it is relevant to all women because it remains a powerful and pervasive image or standard against which all women are often compared. Over the past few decades many writers have documented the differential treatment of boys and girls and the probable implications. Feminist scholars have long paved the way for considering how girls have been placed at a disadvantage as a consequence of gender stereotyping ( Pipher,1995). Studies in educational settings have documented gender bias, most often unintentional; teachers who simply give boys more quality attention that is likely to promote cognitive development and substantive learning. According to the Sadkers’(1994) research, even though girls and boys are sitting in the same classrooms day after day, on average, boys are receiving a better quality education than the girls. Studies have also documented how children themselves police each other’s behavior according to stereotypes (Thorne, 1997). For instance, if a young boy plays with a doll in the presence of older boys, it is likely that he will be teased and will quickly learn that having a doll is outside the bounds of acceptable masculine behavior. Sexual objectification is one of the worst results of the gender fallacy. Most societies have taken women to be sex objects. Issues of rape are more rampant in women; women are perceived to be physically and emotionally weak hence being subjected to intimidation by men. I want to be clear here that I do not consider these vulnerabilities to be innate to girls/women or boys/men, but rather a consequence of complex and powerful social forces that contribute to sustaining unequal power relations as a consequence of sexism, racism, homophobia, poverty and other systems of disadvantage that render certain groups of individuals vulnerable in particular ways. Conclusion Theories that imply that gendered behavior is totally or mostly due to social conventions and culture fall into the Nature versus nurture debate. Much empirical research has been done on to what extent gendered behavior stems from biological factorsAttending to the cultural construction of gender, homophobia, and the influences of race and social class is key to promoting more complex understandings and developing effective solutions to the problem of gender disparity. Interventions in all arenas need to take gender theory into account in order to design educational and policy initiatives that will work, (Jeremy Earp 2001). Making masculinity visible is the first step to understanding how it operates in the culture and how definitions of manhood have been linked, often unconsciously, with dominance and control.

Analysis Of Tourism In Mozambique Tourism Essay

Analysis Of Tourism In Mozambique Tourism Essay The energy crisis and global recession, in 1973/4 highlighted the structural deficiencies in the third world economies. The need of foreign exchange and employment, along with the concerns of inequalities, leakages and constant levels of poverty (Sharpley Telfer, 2002). Even so, in the past two decades the Sub-Saharan Africa tourism has experienced a remarkable growth, a difference from 1.5% in 1970 to 4.5% in 2003 and is expected that the Africas share will increase to 5% of total international arrivals by 2020. Although, Mozambique tourism sector could not benefit from this recovery, because the two wars had occurred in between, a period that other nations including the neighbouring have managed to develop their own tourism industry. This essay is to explain the key factors that may contribute to the success or failure of tourism planning. Conscientious about planning different terminology and thoughts, a range of illustrations and description that applies to Mozambiques tourism p lan (history, political, economy, social and development), and its aims will help a better understanding around the topic. Planning The absence of planning may cause unregulations, leading to a range of negative socio-economic and environmental impacts. So, in order to create and respond to the tourism concerns it is important to include a rational plan (Mason, 2003). Different approaches of planning have been presented: Boosterism; Economic; Physical/Spatial; Sustainable; Community and so on. Kadt, (1979), noted that the consequences of tourism planning are a result of the nations overall political economy, because it is what will determine the equality in the distribution of tourism benefits. Nonetheless, planning is a process for anticipation and implementation of changes that would maximize positive developments (William, 1998, cited by Mason, 2003). However, Mason, (2003) argued that planning is a very complex term and can be applied in many contexts, for example: in relation to individuals, groups, organisations and governments, but at same time to different geographic areas (urban, rural), or as well at lo cal, regional and national levels. In accordance, Cullingsworth, (1997:5, cited by Hall, 2008) stated that planning is also, a sort of decision and policy making because they are connected and interrelated, planning is the process where goals are set and policies are made to implement them. However, it deals with interdependent and systematic decisions, rather than individual decisions. Many activities in the process cannot be isolated (bargaining, negotiation, politics, values) and the process of planning is only one part of the overall plan. Therefore, planning is more complex than Drors (1973) perspective of set of decisions for actions in future (Hall, 2008). Besides, various such as Mason, (2003); McCabe et al., (2000:235) argued that the important is the process element of the plan, as it provides direction by enabling individuals to indentify the path that is to be taken and the outcomes or end results. On the other hand, Gunn, (1998) argued that by focussing on the physical design, there is a risk of failure in recognising the key principles of the planning process; the fundamentals that originated its creations, but he also added that by focussing on the process of planning rather than considering the product itself may possibly lead to planning being considered vague and theoretical. Destination case study: Historical Tourism has been important to Mozambican economy since the Portuguese colonial period and was developed around three themes: sun and sea, wildlife and urban (dynamic environment). During the colonial period the Mozambique tourist arrivals were mainly from southern Africa and Portugal and were close to 400,000. However, since the colonial war conflict in 1973, tourism infrastructure and several animal species were destroyed, therefore the number of tourist and the tourism activity declined (Visser, 2004). After the peace-accord in 1992 initiatives to recovery the tourism industry has been applied (Sun, Sand and Sea, complemented by Eco-tourism; Culture; Water sports, Adventure and Urban Tourism). Political Frelimo has been in power since the countrys independence from Portugal in 1975 and has the majority of the parliamentary seats 191 out of 250. In 1990 a new constitution that provided for multipartysm was implement (www.news.bbc.co.uk, 2010). The country shift from one-party autocracy to multi-party democracy. Implemented institutional reforms for the re-schedulling of debt and loans; it open up to the markets by adopting adjustment measures of liberalisation which included public/private cooperation (Kulipossa, 2006). There was a shift from centralised government approach based in a dictator state where single decisions were made and all the infrastructure belonged to the state (horizontal policy coordination across Ministries), to a decentralised approach (vertical policy coordination between different levels of govern) where the power of management was shared with regional and local levels since they were better positioned to deal with local needs and more able to implement polic ies and integrating the communities as part of the process . The government decided to open the nation market to private sector as they were better financially to build and reconstruct the infrastructures that were in need and because of their ability to bring foreign exchange to the country. Even the govern of Mozambique being responsible for Tourism Policy and Implementation Strategy, is still fragile in experience and financial resources. To reduce the existing gap of linking policies with the actions, the nations government are dependent of foreign help, needing to defer the responsibility of tourism recovery, national or local economic development to the Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Associations, (Rylance in Spenceley, 2008). Economy According to Rylance in Spenceley, (2008:29), the nation economy varies from inefficiency, poor infrastructure and high levels of corruption, which discourage foreign investment. Nevertheless, between 1993-2004 there was a growth of 7.2 GDP, an annual average of 8 per cent over the last decade. Additionally, there was a decrease on annual inflation from more than 54 per cent in 1995 to 13.5 per cent in 2003 and 9.1 per cent in 2004. Despite the achievements Mozambique remains one of the poorest countries in the world. The per capita income in 2004 was equal to $320 (UNDO, 2004 cited by Rylance in Spencely, 2008:29). Furthermore, the country remains very dependent of international help through donations and is largely dependent of the agriculture sector which employs 83 per cent of the population and is responsible of 80 per cent of the exporters and for 26 percent of national GDP (SNV Mozambique, 2007:3 cited by Rylance in Spencely, 2008). The influence and power of negotiation is we akened by the nations vulnerability and dependency upon a greater number of foreign companies. On the other hand, Mozambique governments have been accused of problems of corruption on the legislation and collection of revenues. Critics assert that Mozambique is pursuing mega projects that do not generate social benefit (www.news.bbc.co.uk, 2010). Nonetheless, during 2006 the tourism sector generated revenues around US$ 144 million, it is expected that the industry will became one of the major foreign exchange earner as it is increasing in its foreign investment (Jossai, 2010). Social: It has been recognised that as an economic sector, tourism has both positive and negative impacts over the society. However, with an adequate anticipation and implementation of strategic plan tourism can be developed with reduced impact in the natural areas: the several benefits of the industry upon the society can be maximised, and the disadvantages can be minimised or even eliminated. With this understanding Mozambican policies and planning developers have adopted sustainable actions aspiring a balance in the tourism development, humans, animals and ecological communities. The focus was to reduce poverty by adopting tourism sector as a tool for development, either by local supply of services and goods to tourism enterprises or by enterprises employing the poor; plus providing the means for improvement of health, education and sanitary conditions. Though, it may be assumed that the government have failed to provide the right tools for local involvement as it was incapable to support people with training and knowledge to reduce the barriers of getting locals involved in the tourism economies, did not have option than lead it to the NGOs and associations that have started to do so (Rylance in Spenceley, 2008). This is due to the government lack of capacity and low involvement in implementing and manage policies. Moreover, the shortage of available finance for small enterprises and the time needed to start a business, discourages the majority of locals from contributing to the sector. For example: to open a business in Mozambique it takes on average 153 days (World Bank, 2004 cited by Spenceley, 2008). McEwan, (2004, p7) argues that local tourism enterprises are prevented from getting involved in the business and remain very dependent of foreign investment and international aid. In fact foreign investment involves 70 per cent of the Mozambique tourism projects and local borrowing from banks, has high costs 15 per cent interest in real terms (Rylance in Spenceley, 2008). Development As a reflection of predominance of business travellers, visiting friends/relatives and regional weekend trip of leisure segment, the average stay in Mozambique is around 2.3 days, comparatively low to Kenya 8.4 days average length. There are 2.030 tourist establishments in Mozambique which directly employed over 35.000 people. The southern borders are the visitors main entrance but investors are starting to show some interest in the northern areas (Pemba, Quiribas archipelago and Nacala). In 2001 the number of international tourist arrivals was just about parallel to the visiting numbers during the colonial period. The accommodation sector has a total of 12.000 beds, near 5,000 cope with the luxury standard or 3 star above on the international market. In compare, the city of Cape Town has something like 30,000 beds and Mauritius 19,600 beds. The national air lines are expensive and limited: operating three Boeing B737 which serves domestic connections from Maputo to the other main ci ties of the country (Beira, Nampula, Quelimane, Pemba, Lichinga, Chimoio and Tete) and regional routes to Johannesburg and Dares Salaam (Williams, 2006). The accommodations and tourism facilities (hotels, tourism resorts) are very expensive favourable for the wealthier customers. Furthermore, the human capital (residents, poor people) are mostly employed in low levels jobs such as cleaners and bar staff which reduces their chance of economic benefits as their wages and level is equally low (SNV Mozambique, 2006 cited by Rylance in Spenceley, 2008). The major investors of Mozambiques tourism industry have recognised the uniqueness of the country, that is the fact of being the only in the neighbours that do not have Anglo-Saxon colonial past since was colonized by Portugal, and from the fact of having a mix of cultural environment and rich heritage of Arabic, Swahali, Portuguese and African influences (Williams, 2006). Conversely, as the majority of tourist are English speakers, this advantages is also a barrier since tourist and locals have communication gaps. In addition, the nation has a limited offer of tourism products, constrained to the safaris games products. The investors and tour operates still reluctant in diversify and reach the unexploited areas by developing new tourism products and attract new markets. As a withdrawal affect the country competitiveness with exception of Malawi, is very low in comparison to the bordering neighbours (South Africa, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Suazilandia, Zambia). Although, there are indications of economic improvement since the civil war: increase in the national GDP, reduction of inflation and levels of percentage of poverty however, the wealth distribution of income still irregular by favouring elite groups and elements of government. In addition the country continues dependent on food import and, also vulnerable to the global prices (EIU, 2010). One aspect of the tourism industry is the negative impact that it causes to the destinations. It, has been suggested by many, such as: Kadt, (1979); William, (1998); Mason, (2003); Hall, (2008); Spenceley, (2008), that the destination plan should encompass the tourism alternative approaches. Moreover, even the existence of different plan approaches or reasons of plan, it is assumed that they are imperative for the insurance of pathways to be taken as a mean to anticipate and correct possible events. In this basis, by adopting the national strategic plan for tourism, Mozambique allowed itself for any readjustments if necessary. The focus of the Strategic Plan for the Development of Tourism in Mozambique 2004-2013, (2004), was the business modern management approaches, tourism towards to product service quality and conservation, rehabilitation of wildlife in specific areas, co-operation with the neighbouring countries to consolidate and expand conservations areas, promote professional hunting industry and support communities to actively and effectively participate in tourism process, with the aim of four million arrivals per annum by 2025. The government priority was to reduce poverty and prevalence of HIV infection which even high is still lower than the regional average. This was intended to be done by building country prestige, broadcast possible investments, job opportunities, income generation, developing health and education (Ministry of Tourism, 2004). Seeing that, foreign currency plus capital investment into the tourist destination, permits a faster urban, social, economic regeneration and that worldwide tourism is the industry that employs most people and had shown some ability in adapting quickly to crises that have affected the world economy. Tourism was identified by Mozambique Government as a mean to promote local economic development (Gunn Var, 2002). To minimise the negative effects of the industry on environment and culture, while as well maximi ses the economic and community benefits, the tourism policy is guided by the Tourism Law. (2004) which regulates licensing, provides the basis for sustainable growth and criminalises child sexual tourism; Action Plan for Absolute Poverty Reduction (PARPA), (2006) which sets social policies and programs to promote economic growth through tourism; National Tourism Code of Conduct, (2007), elaborated between the Ministry of Tourism and the Mozambique Confederation of Business Association (CTA) (www.sustainabletourismnetwork.co.za, 2010). The objective was to generate new employments for the enhancement of people quality of life; increase the numbers of international visitors and investors by improving the balance of trade; fairly distribute the tourist benefits, and expand the industry in zones that present greatest potential, by providing a more equitable development of the nation, putting the emphasis on the relation between tourism and its environs; in addition for the tourism growt h and for the creation of benefits to its people, the country was seeking for greater national unity through tourism; in order to protect regional architecture, monuments, conserve resources, balance planning of areas, and incentive the development of handcrafts and folklore, the tourism strategic plan recommends protection of cultural and natural resources (Ministry of Tourism, 2004). Conclusion: An analysis of tourism in Mozambique, indicate that existing tourism mix are the beaches and unspoilt interior that offers greatest potential for the development of wildlife market. Conversely, the poor infrastructures contributes for low tourism products and, inhibits investment. Bearing in mind the nation natural resources as the tourism potential (2700 km of tropical coastline with diversity, rare ecological systems and rich historic cultural heritage), shall be said that the coastline is unplanned and uncontrolled becoming then, the biggest threat for the tourism sector. Moreover, the actions taken by the private business that are mainly interested in the immediate circumstances and profits, exclude factors of the market such as the preservation of public goods (parks, historic sites, beaches, infrastructures), externalities (simultaneous production and consumption of tourism, which restrict access to the coastal land, fishing and historic places) and external costs (not reflecte d like as the opportunity costs), causing the inability of the market system Market failures. Which prevent the nations achievement of the economic efficiency and reflect the social costs. The key factors for Mozambique tourism planning are political, economic and social. Its success or failure depends upon all organism together being able to share and achieve goals that would be difficult to achieve by themselves. Rylance in Spenceley, (2008) argues that there are differences between the policy and practices of tourism-led LED in Mozambique. Although, admits that there is a lack of statistical data for a firm conclusion. Nonetheless, the fact of government investment in megaprojects that do not generate social benefits may indicate a deviation from the key principle of the strategic plan: the business modern management approaches and the perspective of development first instead of tourism first (Burns, 1999). In conclusion, it may be said that tourism in Mozambique is in its early stages. It is very incipient, high levels of corruption, limited in air transport and road accesses, lack of experience and has expensive tourism services and facilities. Still, it can be sa id that it is hard to predict the directions it will take, and if the target arrivals by 2025 are realistic or not; so far there is potential, willingness and the initial steps were taken.

Advertising Essay examples -- Business and Management Studies

Advertising According to the American Marketing Association, advertising is, ‘any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services by an identifiable sponsor’. Advertising can be a costly promotional tool but, many businesses continue to use it. I have listed the following reasons why a business needs to advertise: * To create awareness, customer interest or desire * To boost sales * To build brand loyalty * To launch a new product * To change customer attitudes * To build the company or brand image * To remind and reassure customers * To offset competitor advertising * To support the sales force Advertising consist of two main features: the message and the medium. The message is what you want your communication to say. The medium is how you get your message across to people, e.g. through television or radio. There are three special kinds of advertising: informative advertising, persuasive advertising, and reinforcement advertising. Informative advertising involves raising consumer awareness of the features and benefits of a product. This type of advertising is often used in the beginning of the product life-cycle, or after modification. An example of an informative advertising is, 'The Shopping Centre is closed on 25th December’. Persuasive advertising involves creating a desire for the product and stimulating purchase. This type of advertising is used to establish more mature products. An example of a persuasive advertising is, ‘Come to the Shopping Centre where you will find bargains galore’. Reinforcement advertising involves reminding consumers about the product. This type of advertising is used to reinforce the knowledge held by consumer about the benefits, to be gained for purchase. An example of reinforcement advertising is car adverts which focus on the company logo, image and positioning, rather than specific models. To start an advertising campaign, the business must produce an advertising plan. An advertising plan involves allocating a budget to a range of activities designed to meet advertising objectives. There are five main steps in a well-managed advertising campaign: 1. Setting advertising objectives 2. Set the advertising budget 3. Determine the key advertising messages 4. Decide which advertising media to use 5. Evaluate the result of the advertising campaign Setting advertising objectives An adver... ... If any complaints are made by consumers, ASA will investigate the advertisement, and possibly ban it from publication. The Independent Television Commission (ITC) monitors any advertisements on the radio, on television, and at the cinema. Again, if any complaints are made by consumers, ITC will investigate the advertisement, and possibly ban it in the future. Advantages of advertising: * Appropriate for building awareness * Ability to create images that sales staff cannot * Effective at reaching a wide audience * Repetition of main brand or product positioning helps build customer trust Disadvantages of advertising: * It is expensive to advertise * Difficulties in measuring effectiveness * Difficulties in getting immediate response and action * Not suitable to getting customers to make a final purchasing decision I have chosen advertising as part of my promotional strategy because, of the fact of when selling a service you need to advertise it to the customers, so that they will know that a new service has been introduced into the marketplace. I will explain why I have chosen this component and how this component will help me achieve my promotional strategy, on pages ( ).

A World Without Chemistry Essay

A world without chemmistry would be simply disastrous. We would have no phones, no lightbulbs, no social networking! Almost everything we use in our daily lifes depends on chemistry to exist, from the food we eat to the clothes on our backs. If we had never studied chemistry we wouldn’t have liquid oxygen. This was developed in the 1800s and is now probably best-known for its role as rocket fuel. Without rockets the space race wouldn’t have happened, or all the everyday things that we got from programmes related to it – from satellite TV to the internet. Chemistry has been called ‘the central science’ because of its role and influence on all of the sciences. It involves the study of the basic units of matter, and without that knowledge other sciences such as physics and biology would not have been particularly successful. Before a world of modern chemistry, humans had very limited ways of preserving foods. It would be very hard to find clean water nowadays if it weren’t for chemistry. Deadly waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery and typhoid would be very common. Without chemistry, we would not be able to understand the composition of food. We would not be able to tell what foods are good for us and what foods are bad. We would not be able to estimate the shelf life of foods. We also wouldn’t know how to how to nourish our body with food that would protect us from illnesses such as rickets, osteoporosis and scurvy. Chemistry has enabled us to make up for the nutrients we miss out on, with important vitamins and minerals in capsule form, and fortified breakfast cereals. Without chemistry we would not have modern medicine. Disease and illness would be spreading like wildfire! When modern chemistry began to take off, by the 17th century, the average life expectancy was only 35 years. Advancements in chemistry was able to change that. Nowadays, the life expectancy in Ireland is 80. 32 years. Without modern chemistry we would not have been able to achieve such a high age of life expectancy. Without chemistry, penicillin would never have existed, and minor cuts and grazes and low-grade viruses would often progress to serious illness and fatal septicaemia (blood poisoning). Without chemistry we wouldn’t have salicylic acid! That’s the chemical name for aspirin, the cheap wonder-drug which has given us relief from headaches and fever as well as helping to prevent strokes and heart attacks. And what would us poor, pimply teenagers do without this wonderous chemical to fight all our spots? All I can say is, THANK YOU CHEMISTRY! Chemistry plays a big role in every aspect of our lives. It has allowed other sciences to blossom and has expanded our collective knowledge. We understand how the tiniest components of the human body work and can predict the composition of planets millions of miles away.

henri becquerel essays

henri becquerel essays Henri Becquerel was born into a family of scientists. He was born in the city of Paris, France, on December the fifteenth 1852. He inherited from his father a large supply of minerals and compounds, which were also studied by his father. His father, Alexander Edmond, contributed greatly to the theory of light. His grandfather, Antoine Ceaser, was a pioneer in the field of electrochemistry. In February 1896 Henri Becquerel was experimenting with uranium salts, in the Natural History Museum, when he accidentally discovered radioactivity. Becquerel worked with a double sulphate of uranium and potassium, which he exposed to sunlight and placed on photographic plates wrapped in black paper. Becquerel discovered that the plates revealed an image of the uranium crystals. He concluded, "that the phosphorescent substance in question emits radiation which penetrates paper opaque to light". Originally Becquerel thought that the sun's energy was being absorbed by the uranium, which then emitted X- rays, but later on his discoveries led him to learn that the uranium emitted radiation without an external source of energy such as the sun. As a result of these conclusions Becquerel amazingly had discovered radioactivity. Later Life Becquerel was a civil engineer who studied in the Ecole Polytechnique. After discovering the radioactivity of uranium salts he was awarded the Nobel Prize Henri Bequerel demonstrated that the radiation emitted by uranium shared certain characteristics with X-rays but, unlike X-rays, could be deflected by a magnetic field and therefore must consist of charged particles. For his discovery of radioactivity, Becquerel was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for physics, together with Piere and Marie Curie. Becquerel published his findings in many papers, principally in the Anneles de ...